Base Oil
printBase oil is an oil that is considered as a base for lubricants. After adding additives to the base oil, the final lubricant is obtained. Oils are the most important components of lubricants in terms of volume, and they make up more than 95% of the formulation of a lubricant in terms of weight. In some (compressor and hydraulic oils), 99% of the base oil and only 1% of it are additives. On the other hand, some lubricants such as metalworking fluids, grease or industrial gear oil contain about 30% additives.
What is base oil?
Base oil is an oil that is considered as a base for lubricants. After adding additives to the base oil, the final lubricant is obtained. Base oils are the most important components of lubricants in terms of volume, and in terms of weight, on average, they make up more than 95% of the formulation of a roller.
Most of the base oil consumed in the world today is obtained from crude oil refining. Since most of the base oil used in the production of lubricants is obtained from petroleum sources, the base oil industry is considered as a part of the petroleum industry. The characteristics of the base oil obtained from petroleum depend on the type of crude oil and the refining process. Petroleum base oils inherit their chemical components, both favorable and unfavorable, from the crude oil obtained during the refining process.
Since crude oil contains various compounds such as paraffinic, naphthenic, aromatic hydrocarbons as well as sulfur compounds, base oils are also composed of compounds. The main components of petroleum-based oils, which also affect the properties of the oil, are paraffinic, naphthenic and aromatic compounds. Lubrication technology has undergone many stages of evolution since its inception, more than 3000 years ago. The more this technology evolves, the more the influence of the quality of the base oil on the quality and efficiency of the final lubricant increases. With the passage of time and the advancement of the lubrication industry Base oil industry is separated from other branches of oil industry.
Uses of base oil
Base oils are used to produce products such as lubricating greases, motor oils, and metalworking fluids. Different products require different oils and ingredients. One of the most important factors is the viscosity of the liquid at different temperatures. Whether the crude oil is suitable for making it into a base oil or not is determined by the concentration of base oil molecules and the ease of these extractions.
Base oil is produced by refining crude oil. During the heating process, light and heavy hydrocarbons are separated. Light ones can be used to make gasoline and other fuels, while heavier ones are suitable for bitumen and base oils.
There are many crude oils around the world that are used to make base oils. The most common is a paraffinic crude oil, although there are other petroleum oils that produce products with better solubility and excellent low temperature properties.
By using hydrogenation technology, where sulfur and aromatics are removed under high pressure using hydrogen, you can get very pure base oils that are suitable where quality requirements are particularly strict. Chemicals – additives – are added to the base oil in order to meet the quality requirements of the final products in terms of, for example, friction and cleaning properties. Certain types of motor oil contain more than twenty percent additives.
Base oil selection methods
We should choose the base oil according to our intended use. A common example is viscosity. The highest viscosity provides adequate film strength, while the lower viscosity provides low temperature fluidity and lower energy consumption. In some cases, you may prefer to strike a balance between the two.
Although it is not necessarily important to understand how oil is produced, it is important to know the base oil options available and their pros and cons. Optimizing lubricant selection can help minimize the chances of machine failure. While synthetics are significantly more expensive than mineral oil, the cost of equipment failure is usually much higher. If cost is a key factor in your decision, make sure you choose wisely.
Chemical properties of base oil
1- Escaping:
Oil reduction, oil thickening and sediment formation
2- Surface activity:
Foaming, air release, emulsion formation and compressibility
3- Oxidation:
Formation of sediments, thickening of oil, formation of sludge and corrosion of metals
4- Viscosity:
Low temperature fluidity, energy dissipation, wear protection and proper cooling
5- Solving power:
Engine cleanliness, compatibility with sealants, process applications and formulation stability
Features of the base oil
All base oils have characteristics that determine how well they will withstand a variety of lubrication challenges. For a mineral oil, the goal of the refining process is to optimize the resulting properties to produce a superior lubricant. For oils that are
synthetically produced, the goal of different formulations is to create a lubricant with properties that may not be achievable in a mineral oil. Whether mineral-based or synthetic-based, each base oil is
designed to serve a specific purpose.
Some of the most important properties of base oil are viscosity limits and viscosity index, pour point, oxidation and thermal stability, aniline point (a measure of solubility of base oil in relation to other substances including additives) and hydrolytic stability (lubricant resistance). Chemical decomposition in the presence of water.
How are base oils obtained?
In the new era, base oils are
produced through crude oil refineries, although there are
other non-petroleum sources to produce base oils, which is the best way to obtain crude oil base oil.
Base oil quality
The quality of base oils depends on the type of crude oil and the operations performed by the refinery, when the production of base oil inherits its
chemical components from crude oil, since crude oil contains various substances such as naphthenic and aromatic, paraffinic hydrocarbons and Sulfuric compounds, base oils are
also formed from these existing materials.
Classification of base oils
Lubricants can be classified in different ways. One of the most common classifications is based on the constituent base oil: mineral, synthetic, or vegetable. Mineral oil, which is
obtained from crude oil, can be
produced with a wide range of qualities related to the oil refining process. Synthetic materials are
man-made through a process of synthesis and are
produced in a number of formulations with unique properties for their intended purpose. Vegetable base oils, which are
derived from vegetable oils, show a very small percentage of lubricants and are
mainly used for renewable and environmental benefits.
Types of base oil
In general, base oil is
divided into three general categories.
1- Mineral base oils
The oil obtained from crude oil is
called mineral base oil, which is
obtained directly from the refining of crude oil.
This oil includes two main categories:
Paraffinic oils
Naphthenic oils
Paraffinic oils consist of normal hydrocarbons (straight chain) and iso hydrocarbons (branched). But naphthenic oils are
composed of saturated cyclic hydrocarbons with one or more rings. These two oils can be
compared based on criteria and their performance and differences can be
measured together.
Compared to naphthenic oils, paraffinic oils have the following properties:
Higher melting temperature
Less specific weight
Higher viscosity index
Less solvent
High resistance to oxidation
Low volatility and as a result higher flash point
Naphthenic oils are
generally used for low temperature ranges and when a low pour point is
required. They can be
used especially in hydraulic oils, coolants, rubber production oils, metalworking and in cylinder lubricants for large engines and greases.
When comparing properties between mineral base oil groups, you will usually find more benefits with oils that are
highly refined, including those with higher oxidation stability, thermal stability, viscosity index, pour point, and operating temperature. Of course, as the oil is
further refined, some key weaknesses occur that can affect additive solubility and biodegradability.
2- Natural base oils
In the last two decades, due to increasing environmental considerations, attention to natural lubricants has increased. These oils are
obtained from plant sources. The main components of natural oils are a mixture of triglycerides that have carboxylic acid segments with long chains. These carboxylic acids are
known as fatty acids. And in general, they have straight chains of 8 to 22 carbon atoms, which may be
completely saturated or have one or more unsaturated bonds on their chains.
Vegetable oils can be
used naturally for lubrication. The ignition and combustion point of vegetable oils is much higher than mineral oils (about 326ºC). But these oils in their natural form do not have enough stability against oxidation. Another unfavorable feature of vegetable oils is
their high pour point, which can be
solved by adding suitable additives.
The lubricating power of vegetable oils is much higher than mineral oils.
3- Synthetic base oils
Synthetic or synthetic oils are
oils that are
synthesized or made by attaching one or more specific low molecular weight organic components under controlled conditions. This compounding, which is
carried out under controlled physical and chemical conditions, makes the resulting oil have specific properties that have been
desired in advance.
Contrary to advantages such as availability and relatively lower price, mineral oils had disadvantages such as oxidation and loss of viscosity at high temperatures, exploding when exposed to strong oxidizing agents, and solidification at low temperatures. This issue has led to the expansion of the use of synthetic oils that can withstand a significant range of temperature and pressure without changing the structure and at the same time reduce the risk of fire. However, the use of synthetic oils makes sense when:
– The use of synthetic oils lowers operating costs so much that it compensates for its high purchase costs.
– The use of synthetic oils will solve the problem related to the use of mineral oils.
such as operating conditions at very high or very low temperatures.
applications
In general, when it comes to properties affected by extreme temperatures, such as oxidative and thermal stability,
Which can contribute to a longer useful life, synthetic materials can offer additional benefits.
In situations where the lubricant is
exposed to cold start-up or high operating temperature,
Synthetic materials such as PAOs usually work better than mineral oils.
PAOs also show improved properties in terms of degradability and hydrolytic stability, which affect the lubricant’s ability to control water pollution.
While PAOs are ideal for applications such as motor oil, gear oil, bearing oil and other applications,
Mineral oil remains the primary oil of choice due to its lower cost and reasonable service capabilities.
With more than 90% usage in the industrial and automotive markets, mineral oil has established itself as the most common base oil in most applications.
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